Approximately one-third of U.S. adults regularly get under six hours of sleep per night, falling short of the recommended minimum of seven hours. Persistent sleep deprivation can lead to serious consequences like increased risk of accidents, mistakes, heart disease, weaker immunity, obesity, poor quality of life, and shorter lifespan.
Nature intended for us to get a good night’s sleep for many reasons (seven to eight hours of sleep per night for adults) [1]. If we don’t get enough sleep, we can quickly become sleep-deprived.
Lack of sleep, or sleep deprivation, can have real consequences for our minds and bodies, resulting in additional sleep problems and mental health problems as well. The good news is that there are many ways to prevent sleep deprivation from disrupting our lives.
Below, we'll discuss sleep deprivation, how it's diagnosed, and offer helpful tips and advice on treating and preventing this widespread issue.
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What is Sleep Deprivation?
Experts use the term "sleep deprivation" to describe the state of going an entire night without sleep or sleeping very little for one or two nights. Lack of sleep often results in detrimental and negative effects on the brain, body, mood, anxiety, and cognition.
Therefore, sleep deprivation can negatively affect all aspects of health.
However, when people casually refer to "sleep deprivation," they refer to what experts call "sleep insufficiency." Sleep insufficiency occurs when a person either sleeps for a shorter amount of time than their body requires for optimal health or experiences low-quality sleep due to sleep disruptions.
Occasionally, people mistake sleep insufficiency and insomnia as the same thing since both involve getting less sleep than the recommended amount. However, these two conditions are different. In sleep insufficiency, a person is physically capable of sleeping for the required amount of time but cannot do so due to their schedule or other reasons.
On the other hand, with insomnia, an individual has plenty of opportunity to sleep but has difficulty falling asleep, difficulty sleeping or staying asleep, daytime sleepiness, or a combination of both. [2-4]
Read More: The Best Tips for Sleep-Deprived Parents
How Does Sleep Deprivation Affect The Body
More than just rest, sleep is vital for our health and well-being, yet often neglected in our busy lives. This oversight can result in various physical and mental health issues due to sleep deprivation.
Decades of scientific research confirm that sleep is necessary for healthy functioning and survival. [5]
Sleep Statistic: Roughly 50–70 million Americans have ongoing sleep disorders.
Below will highlight the various impacts of inadequate sleep, from cognitive effects to long-term health risks.
Blood Sugar Regulation
Sleep deprivation significantly impacts the body's ability to regulate blood sugar, a critical aspect of metabolic health. When we don't get enough sleep, our body's insulin sensitivity can decrease, making it harder to regulate glucose levels effectively.
This imbalance can lead to elevated blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of insulin resistance, often a precursor to type 2 diabetes. For those already managing type 1 or type 2 diabetes, insufficient sleep can further complicate blood sugar control.
Maintaining a regular and quality sleep pattern is critical in managing and preventing issues related to blood sugar regulation. [6]
Impact on Memory, Cognition, and Attention
Sleep deprivation can lead to significant cognitive impairments, profoundly affecting various mental functions. One of the most noticeable is difficulty concentrating, where individuals find it increasingly difficult to focus on tasks, leading to decreased productivity and a higher likelihood of errors.
Memory can suffer, impacting short and long-term recall, leading to forgetfulness and difficulty retaining information. Additionally, problem-solving skills and creative thinking are impaired, as lack of sleep hampers the brain's ability to process information effectively and think abstractly.
These cognitive deficits affect work and academic performance, daily decision-making, and overall mental agility. Adequate sleep is a must for maintaining sharp cognitive functions and providing mental clarity.
Unfortunately, memory and attention problems can have consequences, such as impaired driving or unsafe operation of industrial equipment. In a study, driving after not sleeping for 18 hours was comparable to having a blood-alcohol level of .05 [driving while impaired] [7].
Weight Gain
Lack of quality sleep can significantly affect weight management by altering metabolic processes and appetite regulation. When deprived of satisfactory sleep, the body experiences hormonal imbalances, particularly in leptin and ghrelin, the hormones responsible for hunger and fullness signals.
Study: Multiple extensive clinical studies indicate that the United States' obesity problems correspond to the average number of hours Americans sleep at night. [8]
This imbalance usually leads to increased hunger and cravings, with an individual's tendency to opt for unhealthier, high-calorie, carbohydrate-rich foods which can have If sleep loss occurs, metabolism can slow down, and calorie burning is reduced.
Combined, these factors can contribute to weight gain. Most people lack motivation to exercise due to fatigue, increasing the risk of weight gain. This interaction between sleep, physical activity, hormone regulation, appetite, and metabolism highlights the significance of adequate sleep in maintaining a healthy weight.
Mood Changes and Irritability
Insufficient sleep can affect mood, leading to increased irritability and unpredictable mood swings. This state of elevated emotional reactivity can escalate the risk of developing mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
When you don't get enough sleep, your brain's ability to process emotions can decrease. This can make feelings of distress worse and create a cycle where poor sleep and mood disorders feed off each other. Therefore, it is important to get enough sleep to maintain emotional balance and overall mental health.
Effects on the Immune System
Sleep and the immune system are closely connected. While we sleep, our body produces essential immune function and inflammation proteins, such as cytokines. These proteins help regulate the immune system, which in turn aids in the recovery and repair of wounds and fights off infections.
By consistently getting enough sleep at night, we can strengthen our immune response and support a well-balanced immune defense system.
Long-term lack of sleep can harm your immune system, making you more susceptible to infections and reducing your response to vaccines. Sleep deprivation is believed to cause continuous, low-level inflammation and also lead to immunodeficiency, both of which can negatively affect your health.
Skin Aging
As we age, our skin undergoes various changes, including loss of elasticity, thinning, and the appearance of wrinkles. This process is commonly referred to as skin aging, and factors like sun exposure, smoking, pollution, and genetics cause it.
Lack of sleep, dehydration, and genetics can cause dark circles under the eyes, one of the visible signs of skin aging. These dark circles can make you look older and tired and may be difficult to disguise with makeup.
Therefore, it's important to take care of your skin to prevent accelerated skin aging and the appearance of dark circles.
Affects Balance
Not getting enough sleep impacts the brain's functioning, particularly in the areas responsible for coordination and balance. The vestibular system in the brain, which helps regulate balance and spatial orientation, relies on alertness and cognitive function to operate effectively.
Lack of sleep can lead to slower reaction times, decreased focus, and impaired judgment, all contributing to a reduced ability to maintain balance and coordination. Tasks requiring precision, such as walking steadily or standing still, become more challenging.
The fatigue associated with lack of sleep can weaken muscle strength and stability, compromising balance. So, sufficient sleep is crucial for mental alertness, physical coordination, and maintaining proper balance.
Causes of Sleep Deprivation
There are many factors that can affect our sleep routine, quality, and habits, which can cause chronic insomnia and acute sleep deprivation. Some of these factors include:
- Lifestyle Choices: Work demands, social activities, or prolonged use of electronic devices before bedtime can cause irregular sleep patterns.
- Stress and Anxiety: Difficulty falling or staying asleep may result from excessive worrying or anxiety regarding personal or professional matters.
- Health Conditions: Sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or chronic pain have the potential to disturb and disrupt a person's sleep.
- Bedroom Environmental Factors: Noisy, bright sleeping environments, uncomfortable room temperatures, or sleeping in a hot bed can all hinder sleep quality.
- Poor Sleep Hygiene: Inconsistent sleep routines, consuming caffeine or alcohol before bed, or engaging in stimulating activities late at night, such as vigorous exercise.
- Medications: It's important to note that certain prescription medications can have a side effect of interfering with sleep.
- Parenting: New parents frequently have their sleep disrupted due to caring for their infant.
- Travel: Jet lag, caused by changes in time zones, can disturb one's normal sleep patterns.
When to Consult a Doctor or Sleep Specialist
Recognizing when it's time to seek professional help for sleep deprivation is crucial for your health. While occasional sleepless nights are common, persistent sleep issues can indicate underlying health conditions. Here are signs indicating it might be time to consult a doctor or sleep specialist:
- Impact on Safety
- Chronic Sleep Deprivation
- Dependence on Sleep Medicine or Sleep Aids
- Mental Health Concerns
- Physical Health Deterioration
Remember, sleep is a vital component of your overall health. A doctor or sleep specialist can diagnose potential sleep disorders, identify underlying causes, and develop a treatment plan tailored to your needs.
Seeking help is a proactive step towards improving your sleep quality and, consequently, your quality of life.
Final Thought
The stakes of poor sleep are high. The cascade of consequences stemming from inadequate sleep duration touches every aspect of our lives, from our physical health to our mental well-being.
We've seen how compromised sleep can lead to serious health risks, including heart disease and diabetes, cognitive impairments like reduced attention and memory issues, weight gain, mood fluctuations, depression, and a weakened immune system. Prioritizing good sleep is not just a luxury but a necessity for our overall health.
Understanding the causes of sleep deprivation, from lifestyle choices to health conditions, is the first step towards change. Good sleep hygiene, a conducive sleep environment, and addressing stress are essential in improving sleep quality.
The main message is simple: we should prioritize sleep to protect our health and improve the quality of our lives. Let's not treat sleep as an afterthought but rather as a crucial part of our daily routine.
Every night of good sleep is crucial for our overall well-being. By prioritizing our sleep, both our body and mind will benefit greatly.
Remember, your healthcare provider is always your best source of information for sleep-related concerns.
Citations
[1] Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., O'Donnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J. (2015). National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep health, 1(1), 40–43. View Study
[2] (Author). (2022, March 24 [last updated]). What are sleep deprivation and deficiency? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. View Resource
[3] American Sleep Association. (n.d.) Sleep deprivation: Symptoms, causes, treatments. American Sleep Association. View Resource
[4] Suni, E. (2022, March 18). Sleep Deprivation. The Sleep Foundation. View Resource
[5] Worley, S.L. (2018) The extraordinary importance of sleep: The detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on health and public safety drive an explosion of sleep research. Pharmacy & Therapeutics. 43(12): 758–763. View Resource
[6] Darraj A. The Link Between Sleeping and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Nov 3;15(11):e48228. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48228. PMID: 38050514; PMCID: PMC10693913.
[7] Williamson, A.M. & Feyer, A.M. (2000). Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10):649-55.
[8] Cooper CB, Neufeld EV, Dolezal BA, Martin JL. Sleep deprivation and obesity in adults: a brief narrative review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018 Oct 4;4(1):e000392. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000392. PMID: 30364557; PMCID: PMC6196958.
[9] Gotter,A. (2018, January 11 [last updated). Shift work sleep disorder. Healthline. View Resource
[8] (Author) (2011, September). In brief: Your guide to healthy sleep. National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute.
